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Evolution Korea The democratic system in South Korea is prone to populist tendencies. It's still better than was expected. The country is searching for a new development paradigm. A Confucian culture that values respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the society. There are signs that a secularist culture is beginning to emerge. Our Site In prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. These people formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy business, making bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced celadon, paper making, block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence on the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical with the monarch and top officials came from the aristocracy of the land, while the majority of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and often required them to join the army or participate in projects of the government, like building fortifications. Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the close of the period. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest of the peninsula, and clashed against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male centered concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be obeyed and respected by all people, even their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, who ruled from Our Site to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE. Evolution in Korea The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements are evident in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, made of huge single stones, are common throughout the country. In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. After that the peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Among them, Baekje was the most powerful state but its dynasty dissolved when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territory. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea enters a post-crisis era, its development paradigm seems to be in flux. People who are shocked by the huge cost of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system try to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by exaggerating fears about possible job losses. Academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article focuses on the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development: democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also highlights significant factors that may influence these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this group. A survey in 2009 found that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to grasp. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a similar number of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier species of life. In the past, most of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. An increase in interest in creation science began in the year 1980, when there was an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. The event attracted an audience of scientists, professors, and church leaders. The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The event was extensively covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, which covered its activities and also published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on creationism which were published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in universities and churches across the country. A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, students were so interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the money and support to put up a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in creation science, and it has sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has an organization of local branch offices that offer seminars and talks to schoolchildren and community groups. Evolution in South Korea In the latter part of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. During this period the samulnori, or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers as well as other instruments of music. The economic crisis has formed Korea's new development paradigm. The main challenge for the new regime lies in the proper balance between the state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also requires a change in the incentives and monitoring schemes that have been a part of the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4. Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and immigrants from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the early 4th Century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border. The decline of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to rise. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also held control over a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. However, his rule was short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an heir state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized ruling system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.