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Evolution Korea South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still better than expected. The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues to influence the way we live. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging. Origins During prehistoric times the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon paper making, block printing, art styles and writing to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern region of the peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and senior officials were from the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from the citizens and often required them to join the army or work on government projects such as building fortifications. Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje towards the end of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest region of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety a doctrine. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be revered and obeyed by everyone, even their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves lined with stone, with precious items such as amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and built from single large stones are prevalent throughout the country. Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a proper Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje, the most powerful of these states was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate in order to expand their territorial holdings. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935. As Korea is entering a post-crisis period its development model appears to be in flux. Those who are horrified by the costs of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand, those who support the old system want to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears about job losses. mouse click the next page and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development: democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that are the driving force behind these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their beliefs to this segment. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of those, 41% said there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they didn't comprehend it. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from earlier types of life. In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. A significant rise in interest in creation science began in the year 1980, when there was a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event drew an impressive crowd of professors, scientists, and church leaders. The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The inauguration event was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also attracted a lot of attention. KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the group reported on its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the nation in universities and churches. A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured funding to build a small creationist museum on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science. It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has local branches that hold seminars and present talks to school children and other community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the late 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary jazz and rock and roll. In this time the samulnori, or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other instruments of music. Korea's new model of development is being created in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4. Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas and also by a migrant from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th Century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also was in control of a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.